外源镧对土壤微生物碳源利用的影响

用14 C标记葡萄糖法研究了外源镧对土壤微生物碳源利用的影响。结果表明 :外源镧在低浓度下可增强土壤微生物利用碳源进行呼吸作用 ,而高浓度下则产生显著抑制作用 ,最大抑制率为 3 3 %。土壤微生物呼吸产生的14 CO2 主要是培养初期释放的 ,培养 14d后14 CO2 释放已非常少。外源镧可增强土壤微生物利用碳源合成自身的生物量 ,最大增幅为 2 5 %。     

海洋纤毛虫实验生态学研究I：不同浓度葡萄糖对种群增长的影响

为揭示不同碳氮比对纤毛虫种群增长的影响以及纤毛虫对碳源和能量来源的选择性 ,利用实验生态学方法 ,对海水养殖水体中 3种常见的纤毛虫原生动物 :扇形游仆虫 (Euplotesvannus)、海洋尾丝虫 (Uronemamarinum)和巨大拟阿脑虫 (Paranophrysmagna)在牛肉浸膏及梯度浓度葡萄糖培养基中的种群增长过程进行了初步的探讨 .数据分析表明 ,在牛肉浸膏培养基中加入不同浓度的葡萄糖对于纤毛虫种群增长影响显著 ,其中在 0 .0 5 gL-1葡萄糖浓度的培养基中 3种纤毛虫种群增长最佳 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而在 0 .4 gL-1浓度时纤毛虫的生长繁殖均受到高度抑制 (P <0 .0 5 ) .这一结果显示 ,不同C N比对纤毛虫的种群增长有着直接的影响 .图 3表 3参 10     

植物次生代谢:功能、调控及其基因工程

植物次生代谢物具有多种重要的生物学功能 ,在工农业生产和人们日常生活中具有广阔的应用前景 .随着可持续农业的发展 ,植物次生代谢物的化学生态学功能及其对农产品品质的影响倍受关注 .植物次生代谢调控的生物化学、分子生物学和基因工程已成了当今国际生物界十分活跃的前沿研究领域 .本文仅就植物次生代谢物功能、代谢调控及基因工程研究进行简要的概述 .1　植物次生代谢物的功能1.1　植物次生代谢物的化学生态学功能植物次生代谢物按其合成方式可分为组成型和诱导型两种类型 ,它们在植物与植物、植物与微生物及植物与昆虫之间的关系中行…     

水体突发污染事件在线生物监测技术的发展和应用分析

自1800s以来,经过2个世纪的发展,针对水体突发污染事件的在线生物监测技术越来越完善,其所采用的分析指标主要包括生物行为变化(1900s至目前)、生物新陈代谢变化(1800s至目前)和生物电变化(1980s至目前)等3种,其中,应用最广泛、发展最完善的为基于生物行为指标的在线生物监测技术。进入21世纪以来,在线生物监测技术得到快速发展和普遍应用。中国、美国、德国、韩国和瑞典等国家已经大规模应用基于不同生物指标的在线生物监测技术,以实现对水体突发污染事件的有效监管。随着计算和分析技术的进一步发展,在线生物监测技术也会越来越完善,在维持社会稳定、保证经济可持续发展以及保障人民饮水安全方面将会发挥越来越重要的作用。     

Sequestration of phorbol esters by aposematic larvae of Hyles euphorbiae (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)?

Summary. The larvae of the hawkmoth species Hyles euphorbiae have a conspicuous aposematic colouration and show gregarious behaviour. It has thus been suggested that they sequester phorbol esters from their food plants which include different species of the genus Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) for chemical protection against predators. To test this hypothesis in more detail, we fed larvae an artificial diet with three doses of 12-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), then examined the faeces and the larval tissues, such as integument, haemolymph and gut of the caterpillars for the presence of TPA. In order to determine the ability of the larvae to detoxify phorbol esters, other larvae were directly injected with a TPA solution and analysed in the same manner. Our study indicates that the larvae of Hyles euphorbiae do not sequester phorbol esters. Upon oral application TPA was not found in the larval integument or the haemolymph. Instead, it was mostly metabolised (about 70–90%). Nevertheless, about 10-30% were retained and recovered in the faeces. The larvae were also able to metabolise and thus detoxify the phorbol ester when TPA was injected directly into the body. These hawkmoth caterpillars are relatively large and have a gut full of plant material, which they regurgitate into the direction of the predator when attacked in nature. Since phorbol esters are very potent toxins and irritants, we postulate that the gut content (and especially the plant slurry disgorged as regurgitant from the anterior gut) alone could be aversive for a potential predator, even if some metabolism has taken place. Thus, although H. euphorbiae caterpillars do not actively sequester phorbol esters, their aposematic colouration appears to be based on chemical defence through phorbol esters retained in the gut.     

农药杀虫双的代谢毒理学研究

杀虫双为我国首创的农用杀虫剂，属沙蚕毒互类农药，以同位素示踪法和现代化学分离技术相结合的手段，进行了杀虫双在动物体内吸收、分布、排泄、转化、动力学以及代谢产物的分离鉴定等一系列研究，杀虫双进入体现人首先转化成沙蚕毒素，胃是主要转化部位，进入体循环，在血液中主要存在于红细胞中，且吸收、分布、排泄迅速，不易蓄积，杀虫双与沙蚕毒素、巴丹、易卫杀的最终代谢产物轮相符，杀虫双中毒死者血液中分离鉴定出沙蚕毒素     

区域系统物质代谢研究——以江苏省南通市为例

为定量地描述一个区域对其自然环境的负荷,论文利用区域系统物质代谢的方法研究了南通市全市范围内食物、能量、水、物质和废弃物的输入与输出。在研究期限内(1996～2002年),固体废弃物输出的增长率高于固体物质输入的增长率,而废水输出的增长率低于淡水输入的增长率。南通市区域代谢的速率正在持续上升。2002年非食物性资源的消耗总量是食物需求的15.8倍。化石燃料能量及电能的消耗是人体能量需求的17.9倍,光合作用固定太阳能的48.36倍。南通市区域代谢的趋势是上升的。尽管各种物质与能量的利用效率提高了,部分物质的循环利用率也上升了,但是还不足以降低其对陆地、水体和大气环境的压力。最后提出降低区域代谢脆弱性、提高代谢效率的相关建议。     

硼污染的个人暴露剂量及其代谢的研究

 以62名处于不同生活、工作环境下的人群为对象,研究了其通过空气粉尘、饭菜和饮水的日硼暴露剂量及通过尿液、粪便的代谢状况.结果表明,从事硼作业的53名工人日硼暴露均值11.8mg/d,是对照人群(1.52mg/d)的7.8倍;通过尿液代谢的硼占总代谢量的94%以上,且班后尿硼与24h全尿硼浓度的相关系数为0.952,班后尿样可代替全尿并反映硼的代谢水平;下班后尿硼浓度与日硼暴露剂量显著相关.多元线性回归可以反映不同暴露途径对尿硼水平的贡献,方程拟合度为43.0%,与实测值的平均相对偏差为23.6%.     

活性污泥合成聚羟基烷酸(PHAs)的研究进展

聚羟基烷酸(PHAs)是微生物合成的作为碳源和能源的贮存物。PHA同时也是一种可完全生物降解的塑料,由于其良好的环境效应及机械性能,受到广泛关注。使用活性污泥及廉价基质合成PHA以降低生产成本有很好的应用前景。文章综述了活性污泥合成PHA的最新研究进展,包括活性污泥合成PHA的工艺、影响因素及提高PHA合成量的策略。     

Seasonal variations of soil bacterial communities in Suaeda wetland of Shuangtaizi River estuary, Northeast China

Estuarine wetland is the transitional interface linking terrestrial with marine ecosystems, and wetland microbes are crucial to the biogeochemical cycles of nutrients. The soil samples were collected in four seasons (spring, S1; summer, S2; autumn, S3; and winter, S4) from Suaeda wetland of Shuangtaizi River estuary, Northeast China, and the variations of bacterial community were evaluated by high-throughput sequencing. Soil properties presented a significant seasonal change, including pH, carbon (C) and total nitrogen (TN), and the microbial diversity, richness and structure also differed with seasons. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and Mantel tests implied that soil pH, C and TN were the key factors structuring the microbial community. Gillisia (belonging to Bacteroidetes) and Woeseia (affiliating with Gammaproteobacteria) were the two primary components in the rhizosphere soils, displaying opposite variations with seasons. Based on PICRUSt (Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States) prediction, the xenobiotics biodegradation related genes exhibited a seasonal decline, while the majority of biomarker genes involved in nitrogen cycle showed an ascending trend. These findings could advance the understanding of rhizosphere microbiota of Suaeda in estuarine wetland.